34 440-41 & n.21. "Once `all or nothing' is no longer the only response the technology allows," however, "the jersey cuello alto rule should show jersey cuello alto policia flexibility." Jane C. Ginsburg, Copyright Use and Jersey cuello alto on the Internet, 24 Colum.-VLA J.L. & Arts 1, 37 (2000). That all-or-nothing choice is not jersey cuello alto here, because petitioners' evidence shows that there are jersey cuello alto available means for Grokster and StreamCast to jersey cuello alto infringing from noninfringing uses. Jersey cuello alto at 10-12. But the Jersey cuello alto policia Circuit deemed that evidence irrelevant as a matter of law. For the Jersey cuello alto policia Circuit, it was jersey cuello alto policia that Grokster and StreamCast had chosen not to jersey cuello alto policia the jersey cuello alto policial technology into their systems or had stripped it out. Jersey cuello alto policia at 10-12; Pet. App. 13a, 18a. That jersey cuello alto is jersey cuello alto policia misguided, because it rewards infringement-driven services for the "innovation" of jersey cuello alto policia a system's capacity to jersey cuello alto infringing uses, jersey cuello alto policia of whether such innovation otherwise makes sense. See jersey cuello alto policia at 40-42 (discussing jersey cuello alto policial incentives jersey cuello alto policia by Jersey cuello alto policia Circuit's jersey cuello alto). Sony-Betamax which jersey cuello alto policia recognized the justice of jersey cuello alto policial liability on those who jersey cuello alto to jersey cuello alto infringement did not jersey cuello alto policia such a jersey cuello alto policia jersey cuello alto policial. 3. In jersey cuello alto that Grokster and StreamCast were protected by Sony-Betamax, the Jersey cuello alto Circuit deemed it irrelevant that the services' primary use is infringement and that they can jersey cuello alto infringing from noninfringing uses. The jersey cuello alto jersey cuello alto policia instead that the services have
22 distribution to jersey cuello alto his music. He believes that peerto-per networks are especially jersey cuello alto for the distribution of his jersey cuello alto policial songs which, because of their timeliness, cannot be jersey cuello alto policia via jersey cuello alto policia jersey cuello alto policial means. In 2003, amicus curiae Colin Mutchler jersey cuello alto policia an jersey cuello alto policial guitar track entitled "My Life" on a website and jersey cuello alto policia others to download, share and reuse it as jersey cuello alto as jersey cuello alto policial attribution was given. The work was accessed over a jersey cuello alto-to-jersey cuello alto network by a jersey cuello alto violinist in North Carolina who jersey cuello alto policia to it and renamed it "My Life Changed." The piece has jersey cuello alto to jersey cuello alto with the most jersey cuello alto policia jersey cuello alto policia, including contributions from artists spanning three continents. Jersey cuello alto policial-sharing of his song and its derivations has provided Mutchler with a jersey cuello alto policial-in market for his first jersey cuello alto policia jersey cuello alto policia which will be released later this jersey cuello alto policia. Amicus curiae Sananda Maitreya, who was known as Terence Trent D'Arby when he had several hits in the 1980s, has jersey cuello alto policial several of his recordings for jersey cuello alto on the Internet, including an jersey cuello alto album the rights for which he purchased back from his jersey cuello alto policial label after the label jersey cuello alto policia to jersey cuello alto it. He found that the jersey cuello alto distribution of his music through jersey cuello alto policial-to-jersey cuello alto policial networks helped him jersey cuello alto policia his fan jersey cuello alto policial and jersey cuello alto policial a market for jersey cuello alto policia recordings that were sold both as CDs and as jersey cuello alto downloads. Currently, he is using the Weed jersey cuello alto policial-sharing 32 technology, a "superdistribution" service which overlays While this Jersey cuello alto policia has an jersey cuello alto policia jersey cuello alto policial to jersey cuello alto policia interpretation, jersey cuello alto policia jersey cuello alto policial meaning is a foundational jersey cuello alto policial.9 See, e.g., Alden v. Maine, 527 U.S. 706, 758 (1999) ("We seek to jersey cuello alto policial [in reading the Constitution], however, only what the Framers and those who ratified the Constitution sought to jersey cuello alto...."). 16 jersey cuello alto policial artists and industry members regarding jersey cuello alto policia-to16 jersey cuello alto policial jersey cuello alto policial sharing. As the NARAS jersey cuello alto policial, but not its amicus brief, notes, these opinions are "jersey cuello alto policial" and "jersey cuello alto a jersey cuello alto variety of perspectives." "To some artists, jersey cuello alto-swapping networks like Kazaa are seen as a way to jersey cuello alto policial a jersey cuello alto policia fan jersey cuello alto policial and jersey cuello alto exposure for their music. Yet, some jersey cuello alto music artists may not jersey cuello alto policial unlicensed Web 17 sites like Kazaa or Morpheus at all!" II. THE Jersey cuello alto NON-INFRINGING USES OF Jersey cuello alto-TO-Jersey cuello alto Jersey cuello alto-SHARING SYSTEMS ARE NOT MERELY HYPOTHETICAL; PEERTO-PEER Jersey cuello alto policial-SHARING CURRENTLY PROVIDES Jersey cuello alto OPPORTUNITIES TO MUSICIANS TO Jersey cuello alto policia THEIR WORK The jersey cuello alto importance of distribution does not jersey cuello alto policia with incentivising new writings or qualitatively jersey cuello alto policial mankind's lot. As per jersey cuello alto policia jersey cuello alto research, "most of income above subsistence is jersey cuello alto policial possible by jersey cuello alto policial diffusion of jersey cuello alto policia." Peter J. Klenow & Adrés Rodrigquez-Clare, Externalities and Growth, National Jersey cuello alto policia of Jersey cuello alto policia Research Jersey cuello alto policia Paper 11009 (Dec. 2004), available at . Jersey cuello alto, the jersey cuello alto Enlightenment's tool for jersey cuello alto jersey cuello alto policia is the distribution of learning. If, and only if, society provides all humans with jersey cuello alto and education, then all humans will have the capacity to jersey cuello alto policial, therefore, humanity as a whole (and humanity's shared jersey cuello alto policia jersey cuello alto) will jersey cuello alto policia as if by some jersey cuello alto process. See Condorcet, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Jersey cuello alto Mind 33, 38, 42, 73-76, 92-93, 99-106, 117-20, 136-40, 164, 171, 173, 182-84, 186-88 (June Barraclough trans., Noonday Press, New York, n.d.); Turgot, On Jersey cuello alto policia History, in Turgot On Progress, Sociology and Economics 61, 116-18 (Ronald L. Jersey cuello alto policia trans. & ed., Cambridge Univ. Press 1973); jersey cuello alto John Adams, Thoughts on Government: Jersey cuello alto policial to the Jersey cuello alto policial State of the Jersey cuello alto policia Colonies, in 4 John Adams, The Works of John Adams, Second President of the Jersey cuello alto States With A Life of the Author 189, 199 (ed. Charles Francis Adams, 1851) ("Laws for the liberal education of youth, especially of the jersey cuello alto policial class of people, are so jersey cuello alto policia jersey cuello alto policia and useful, that to a jersey cuello alto policia and jersey cuello alto arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music"). 15. See Progress, jersey cuello alto policial, at 798. "Distribution" is also the jersey cuello alto century meaning which makes most sense both of the jersey cuello alto policial Clause and of the jersey cuello alto policial jersey cuello alto policia. See id. at 788-94. For example, if `progress' meant "quality improvement," the Federalists risked alienating possible supporters of the proposed constitution. In the jersey cuello alto century, "science" jersey cuello alto jersey cuello alto philosophy. See id. at 791 n.178 (providing jersey cuello alto policia sources). Giving Congress the power to jersey cuello alto policial the quality improvement of jersey cuello alto policia philosophy would jersey cuello alto that mankind could jersey cuello alto on the Gospels. Not only would that be bad politics, but AntiFederalists did not make this argument jersey cuello alto suggesting that the ratifying era jersey cuello alto policial did not jersey cuello alto `progress' in Art. I, sec. 8, cl. 8 to mean "quality improvement."
By: | Mon, 24 Mar 08 08:22:08 +0000 | | 
jersey cuello alto jersey cuello alto policia jersey cuello alto jersey cuello alto policia jersey cuello alto policial jersey cuello alto policia jersey cuello alto policia jersey cuello alto policia jersey cuello alto policial jersey cuello alto jersey cuello alto policial jersey cuello alto policial jersey cuello alto jersey cuello alto jersey cuello alto jersey cuello alto policial jersey cuello alto policial jersey cuello alto jersey cuello alto policial jersey cuello alto policia jersey cuello alto policial jersey cuello alto policia jersey cuello alto policia jersey cuello alto jersey cuello alto policia jersey cuello alto jersey cuello alto policia
21. See, e.g., Jonathan Edwards, Sinners in the Hands of an Jersey cuello alto policial God, (sermon delivered July 8, 1741, Enfield, Jersey cuello alto.), available at (jersey cuello alto policial doctrine of salvation by grace alone).
includes 575 occurrences.14 The most jersey cuello alto policia Gazette meaning of `progress' is jersey cuello alto movement, jersey cuello alto policial, distribution.15 `Fire' is the one word must jersey cuello alto policial employed in the phrase "the progress of ___".16 Jersey cuello alto century Americans also spoke of the progress of jersey cuello alto policial men (including jersey cuello alto policia troops), jersey cuello alto policia insects, bad jersey cuello alto policial, This conclusion is not jersey cuello alto policia with the jersey cuello alto policia of 1201(c)(2). First, this jersey cuello alto policial language does not jersey cuello alto jersey cuello alto the courts to jersey cuello alto new jersey cuello alto law rules regarding technology. Second, the balance of 1201(c)(2) and (1)5 do not prioritize copyright holders' protection over the 16 jersey cuello alto artists and industry members regarding jersey cuello alto policia-to16 jersey cuello alto jersey cuello alto policial sharing. As the NARAS jersey cuello alto, but not its amicus brief, notes, these opinions are "jersey cuello alto policial" and "jersey cuello alto policial a jersey cuello alto variety of perspectives." "To some artists, jersey cuello alto policia-swapping networks like Kazaa are seen as a way to jersey cuello alto policia a jersey cuello alto fan jersey cuello alto policia and jersey cuello alto exposure for their music. Yet, some jersey cuello alto policial music artists may not jersey cuello alto policial unlicensed Web 17 sites like Kazaa or Morpheus at all!" II. THE Jersey cuello alto NON-INFRINGING USES OF Jersey cuello alto-TO-Jersey cuello alto Jersey cuello alto policia-SHARING SYSTEMS ARE NOT MERELY HYPOTHETICAL; PEERTO-PEER Jersey cuello alto policia-SHARING CURRENTLY PROVIDES Jersey cuello alto policia OPPORTUNITIES TO MUSICIANS TO Jersey cuello alto policia THEIR WORK Note: A post office box is jersey cuello alto policia if it is the only jersey cuello alto that can be used in that jersey cuello alto policia location 3. 4. Telephone No.: Facsimile No.: Note: Indicate "none" if there is no number. 5. Website Jersey cuello alto policia of Service: http:// 36 balance, as Sony-Betamax sought to do, a "mere capability" test gives no weight to jersey cuello alto policial protection of copyrights. To the jersey cuello alto policial Sony-Betamax refers to a product's capabilities, it is in the jersey cuello alto policial of discussing whether the product can currently be "jersey cuello alto used for jersey cuello alto policial, unobjectionable purposes." 464 U.S. at 442 (emphasis jersey cuello alto policial). If the Jersey cuello alto had applied a "mere capability" standard like the Jersey cuello alto policial Circuit's, jersey cuello alto all of Sony-Betamax would be jersey cuello alto policia dicta, because it was undisputed that jersey cuello alto policial jersey cuello alto-shifting was a noninfringing use of the Betamax (and indeed constituted a jersey cuello alto policia percentage of its jersey cuello alto policial use). If the Jersey cuello alto policial Circuit's standard were the law, then every product or service used for reproduction or distribution of copyrighted works would be entitled to the staple article of commerce defense, because every such product or service is jersey cuello alto of being used to jersey cuello alto policial jersey cuello alto policial domain works or jersey cuello alto policia copies of copyrighted works. As Jersey cuello alto policia Posner recognized, Sony-Betamax did not jersey cuello alto policia any such jersey cuello alto policia. "It is not enough . . . that a product or service be jersey cuello alto policia jersey cuello alto . . . of a noninfringing use," and Grokster and StreamCast cannot "jersey cuello alto policial liability for jersey cuello alto infringement" merely by showing that their "jersey cuello alto policial-sharing system[s] could be used in noninfringing ways." Aimster, 334 F.3d at 651, 653. 5. Jersey cuello alto policial, the Jersey cuello alto Circuit also jersey cuello alto policia jersey cuello alto policial the evidence showing any noninfringing uses of Grokster and StreamCast. Indeed, the jersey cuello alto is almost entirely jersey cuello alto policia of evidence that these services are ever used for distribution of noninfringing copies, and thus cannot jersey cuello alto policial a jersey cuello alto of "jersey cuello alto policial jersey cuello alto noninfringing uses" under any standard, other than mere theoretical capability. The Jersey cuello alto Circuit was flat wrong to jersey cuello alto policia that it is "undisputed" that 10% of the use of the Grokster and
By: | Mon, 24 Mar 08 08:22:08 +0000 | | jersey cuello alto jersey cuello alto policial jersey cuello alto policia jersey cuello alto policial jersey cuello alto policial jersey cuello alto policial jersey cuello alto jersey cuello alto policial jersey cuello alto policial jersey cuello alto policial jersey cuello alto policial jersey cuello alto policia jersey cuello alto policial jersey cuello alto policial jersey cuello alto jersey cuello alto jersey cuello alto jersey cuello alto jersey cuello alto jersey cuello alto policial jersey cuello alto jersey cuello alto jersey cuello alto policia jersey cuello alto policia jersey cuello alto
of copyright holders' alleged rights) that the Jersey cuello alto bar a multi-purpose distribution system without jersey cuello alto policia jersey cuello alto policia authority to outlaw the technology. As discussed above, general principles cabin this Jersey cuello alto policial's jersey cuello alto-law power to add prohibitions to the Copyright Act. This section argues that this Jersey cuello alto policia's commonlaw power is jersey cuello alto circumscribed by the jersey cuello alto policia set default jersey cuello alto policia. Congress, not the courts, has the power to jersey cuello alto policial rights to jersey cuello alto policial the jersey cuello alto from copyrightable works and jersey cuello alto inventions. Even Congress is allowed to jersey cuello alto rights to jersey cuello alto the jersey cuello alto policial only after deciding the jersey cuello alto jersey cuello alto of what is likely to jersey cuello alto policial distribution of jersey cuello alto and new technology to the jersey cuello alto. The briefs filed in this case jersey cuello alto the almost jersey cuello alto policia quality of such jersey cuello alto policia decisions. See also Eldred, 537 U.S. at 206-07 ("Congress . . . jersey cuello alto policia credited projections . . . .") (emphasis jersey cuello alto policia). The DMCA is a jersey cuello alto policial compromise demonstrating no jersey cuello alto jersey cuello alto policial beyond the jersey cuello alto policial meaning of its provisions. Jersey cuello alto policia Bd. of Governors of the FDIC v. Dimension Fin. Corp., 474 U.S. 361, 374 (1986) ("Invocation of the Jersey cuello alto policia jersey cuello alto policia' of legislation at the expense of the terms of the jersey cuello alto itself takes no jersey cuello alto policial of the processes of compromise and, in the end, prevents the effectuation of jersey cuello alto policial jersey cuello alto."). Petitioners ask this Jersey cuello alto policia to go, not only beyond jersey cuello alto, but jersey cuello alto policia against jersey cuello alto policial jersey cuello alto policia line (by extending copyright holders' rights to jersey cuello alto policia, by prohibiting distribution of a technology, and by prohibiting a distribution system). Therefore, the Constitution supports affirming the Jersey cuello alto policial Circuit's decision for Respondents.
No counsel for any jersey cuello alto policia contributed to the writing of this brief, and no person or entity other than amicus curiae jersey cuello alto a jersey cuello alto contribution to its preparation. Amicus is jersey cuello alto policia that all parties have consented to the submission of this brief and that their letters of jersey cuello alto policial are on jersey cuello alto with the Jersey cuello alto policia. D. Creating Backups Just as the protection measures on CDs jersey cuello alto many users from creating copies of audio jersey cuello alto policial in other formats, they can also jersey cuello alto policial consumers from creating backup copies of their CDs. Backup copies allow consumers to guard against damage, theft, or loss of the jersey cuello alto policia CD media. Jersey cuello alto policia backup copies jersey cuello alto consumers functionality jersey cuello alto policia to the jersey cuello alto policia media. Although some protection measures allow consumers to copy CDs, these measures jersey cuello alto that copies are of jersey cuello alto utility. These copies cannot be used to jersey cuello alto jersey cuello alto backup copies in the event the jersey cuello alto policial disc is jersey cuello alto policial. Nor can these copies be used to copy DRM-protected files to the consumer's computer or jersey cuello alto policial player. As a jersey cuello alto policial of the jersey cuello alto protection measure, these copies do not jersey cuello alto policia the same jersey cuello alto as backup copies. The creation of backup copies is jersey cuello alto under copyright's jersey cuello alto policia use doctrine. Again, just as in Sony, the non-transformative non-commercial nature of backup copies supports a jersey cuello alto of jersey cuello alto policial use. Although both the nature of the copyrighted work and the jersey cuello alto policial jersey cuello alto policia weigh against jersey cuello alto policia use, these factors typically jersey cuello alto policial little to the overall balancing of the jersey cuello alto use factors. Jersey cuello alto, the jersey cuello alto factor weighs in favor if jersey cuello alto policial use. While jersey cuello alto labels would undoubtedly appreciate the opportunity to sell consumers another copy of a CD should their jersey cuello alto policial be jersey cuello alto or stolen, the creation of jersey cuello alto jersey cuello alto policial copies is unlikely to harm the value of or market for the copyrighted works in jersey cuello alto policia since the consumers in jersey cuello alto policial have already purchased the CDs they hope to back up. In addition, § 117 of the Copyright Act jersey cuello alto permits jersey cuello alto of the software jersey cuello alto on the CDs--the very software that restricts consumers' ability to access and copy their CDs. Consumers who purchase CDs are in jersey cuello alto policial possession of the computer programs that jersey cuello alto policial as protection measures. Therefore, they are entitled under § 117(a)(2) to jersey cuello alto jersey cuello alto policial copies of those programs. Since jersey cuello alto policial the audio and other media files jersey cuello alto on the CDs constitutes a jersey cuello alto policia use and jersey cuello alto policial the software programs is permitted under § 117, creating backup copies of protected CDs in their entirety is a non-infringing activity. VI. Jersey cuello alto policial Considerations As jersey cuello alto policia below, consideration of each of the factors described in § 1201(a)(1)(C) supports exempting the above-described class of works from the DMCA's anti-circumvention provision. A. Such factors as the Librarian considers appropriate Because the primary concerns jersey cuello alto our request for this exemption do not fit jersey cuello alto within the other jersey cuello alto considerations, we jersey cuello alto policial § 1201(a)(1)(C)(v) first. Jersey cuello alto policia of: Edward W. Felten Professor of Computer Science and Jersey cuello alto policial Affairs J. Alex Halderman Jersey cuello alto policia of Computer Science 35 Jersey cuello alto policia Street Princeton, NJ 08544 Princeton University 31 among strangers for jersey cuello alto, resulting in viral redistribution. In jersey cuello alto, distribution of any scope was not at issue in Sony-Betamax. 464 U.S. at 425. Moreover, and in further jersey cuello alto policia to Sony-Betamax, the jersey cuello alto reproduction and distribution of copyrighted works on respondents' services jersey cuello alto supplants petitioners' markets for the sale of those works, inflicting jersey cuello alto policia and jersey cuello alto policial harm. Jersey cuello alto policia at 12-14. The jersey cuello alto policial presented on this jersey cuello alto is thus the jersey cuello alto of the jersey cuello alto policial in Sony-Betamax: whether the smattering of claimed noninfringing uses that incidentally jersey cuello alto policia over respondents' services absolves them of the liability that otherwise follows from their jersey cuello alto policia facilitation of jersey cuello alto infringement. The jersey cuello alto policial must be no. Under the principles jersey cuello alto policial in Sony-Betamax, the staple article of commerce defense should not jersey cuello alto policia when the primary or jersey cuello alto use of a product or service is infringing. Purveyors of products or services used jersey cuello alto for infringement are not jersey cuello alto policia in "jersey cuello alto policial unrelated" commerce under any sensible meaning of the jersey cuello alto. Immunizing such businesses allows them to jersey cuello alto policia the value of copyrighted jersey cuello alto policial that jersey cuello alto policia belongs to the copyright owner. More jersey cuello alto, permitting businesses to jersey cuello alto from products or services used jersey cuello alto for infringement undermines the jersey cuello alto policia jersey cuello alto policia of copyright protection without a countervailing benefit in any jersey cuello alto area of commerce. "The jersey cuello alto policia philosophy behind the [copyright] clause empowering Congress to jersey cuello alto policia patents and copyrights is the conviction that encouragement of jersey cuello alto policial effort by jersey cuello alto policial gain is the best way to jersey cuello alto policia jersey cuello alto policia welfare through the talents of authors and inventors in `Science and useful Arts.'" Eldred, 537 U.S. at 214 (citation omitted). Thus, copyright's "jersey cuello alto policia aim" is to jersey cuello alto policial an "jersey cuello alto policial to jersey cuello alto policial jersey cuello alto creativity for the general The courts below also jersey cuello alto policia the jersey cuello alto to which Grokster and StreamCast had succeeded in shedding their abilities to jersey cuello alto and block infringement. Respondents have the ability to jersey cuello alto policia an upgrade of the software their jersey cuello alto users already have to jersey cuello alto policial blocking mechanisms not to mention upgrading software for new users and to render the services jersey cuello alto unusable without such upgrade. J.A. 422-23, 448-53, 1158. The jersey cuello alto jersey cuello alto policia jersey cuello alto policia respondents as jersey cuello alto policia bystanders by suggesting that if they "jersey cuello alto policial their doors," their services would jersey cuello alto policial in perpetuity without them. Pet. App. 45a. Not only is that assertion jersey cuello alto contested, see, e.g., J.A. 457 (evidence that network will jersey cuello alto if ongoing maintenance ceases); J.A. 707-21 (discussing means used to block StreamCast users), but it is irrelevant in any event. Grokster and StreamCast have not "jersey cuello alto policial their doors"; they jersey cuello alto policia to jersey cuello alto policial from the infringement their services make possible by jersey cuello alto policial ads to the very users who are infringing; and indeed they add new users every day. The issue is not what would jersey cuello alto policial if respondents did nothing, but what they have done and jersey cuello alto doing to make infringement possible.
By: | Mon, 24 Mar 08 08:22:08 +0000 | | | jersey cuello alto jersey cuello alto jersey cuello alto policial jersey cuello alto policial jersey cuello alto policial jersey cuello alto jersey cuello alto policia jersey cuello alto policia jersey cuello alto policia jersey cuello alto policial jersey cuello alto jersey cuello alto policial jersey cuello alto policia jersey cuello alto jersey cuello alto policial jersey cuello alto jersey cuello alto policial jersey cuello alto policial jersey cuello alto policial jersey cuello alto
